The Rat Fan Club


Book Reviews:  Non-Fiction

by Debbie “The Rat Lady”

 

Book Review: Two Pet Rats

            This small book written by Cicely Rude is a story of the author’s two rats, which includes some information about keeping rats as pets.  Most of the information in its 28 pages is accurate, although it implies that the scientific name of the domestic rat is Rattus domesticus, when it is actually Rattus novegicus, or possibly Rattus norvegicus domesticus. The design of the book is nice with cute photos, and the rats are particularly attractive. A few of the beginning pages, where she talks about their cage, bedding and food, are a little slow, but the stories of the rats’ antics are especially enjoyable and written with humor.  This book would be a nice addition to any rat lover’s library.

 

Book Review:  Rat: How the World’s Most Notorious Rodent Clawed its Way to the Top  

This book was written by Jerry Langdon and published in 2006 by St. Martin Press. The cover design is interesting as the words of the title create the shape of a rat’s body, with the word “RAT” forming most of the head. The nose, ear, feet and tail are added.  Once you get into the text of the book it’s obvious that the purpose of the book is to create or maintain the dread some people have of rats. At the beginning of every chapter there is a drawing of a rat snap trap. 

The first chapter is titled An Eating and Reproducing Machine. The book starts out with story of a big guy cleaning out the garage of his new home.  When a wild rat falls on his head and poops in the hood of his jacket the guy totally freaks.  He ends up throwing away the $300 jacket and has nightmares about the incident.  The author then compares rats to lions. Huh?  Scattered throughout the book are samples of statements taken from an online petition to stop the proposed ban of pet rats by the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.  The samples chosen just happen to have poor grammar and spelling, I assume to give the impression that rat owners are uneducated or simple.

On page 16 the author makes the brilliant statement that the small rats in palm trees in Morocco look like “an entirely different animal” from rats behind a dumpster in Alaska. Uh, that’s because they are completely different animals.  The rats in Morocco are Rattus rattus and the rats in Alaska are Rattus norvegicus, two different species.

A chart on page17 titled Developmental Milestones has several errors.  It says rats have a complete fur coat at 9 days.  That depends on your definition of “complete.” By 9 days a baby rat will have most of his body covered by only a very short baby coat.  It says the eyes open at 12-14 days, but they almost always open at exactly 14 days.  It says they are weaned at 20-21 days, but that only occurs in laboratories.  A pet rat shouldn’t be weaned until at least 4 weeks of age, and a wild rat wouldn’t wean her babies until at least 4-5 weeks.  It says they will venture above ground at 22-30 days, which means they are referring to wild Norway rats, yet the ages listed for reaching puberty—34-47 days—are definitely only for domestic rats.  Wild rats don’t reach puberty until probably 3-4 months of age.

The author makes the statement that a 3-yr-old rat could have 43 litters in her lifetime.  This is absolutely not true because a female rat will stop reproducing at about 1 ½ years of age.  So even if she were to get pregnant at 5 weeks of age, which some domestic rats can do, then have one litter a month for her reproductive life, that would only be about 18 litters.

On page 21 he says rats lack rotation joints in their back legs and therefore can’t descend trees as quickly as squirrels.  I have personally seen rats rotate their legs like squirrels to climb down, and certainly roof rats climb trees as easily as squirrels.  Then he repeats the common myth that any rat can squeeze through a hole the size of a quarter, or only ¾ inch across.  This is absolutely false.  An adult rat can only squeeze through a hole it can fit his head through, and then only if he is quite thin.  Most Norway rats, even wild ones, have bodies larger than their heads.  He says they can do this because they have a collapsible rib cage.  Again, another myth.  Yes, the chest of a rat will get smaller when they exhale, just like with humans, but their ribcage cannot “collapse.” He goes on to make another completely false statement saying each paw has 4 claws.  Rats have 5 toes and claws on each back foot.

The author goes on to repeat just about every myth I’ve ever read in any book about rats.  Such as they “can easily chew through copper and concrete,” and a “membrane slides down between the incisors to prevent the rats from swallowing any debris.”  The rat does have folds in the cheeks that help block debris from entering the mouth when gnawing, but not a “sliding membrane.”  And yes, rats can chew through soft metals and concrete, but not easily, only with a lot of work and waiting for their worn teeth to grow back in between.

On page 25 he states that rat-bite fever is caused by a virus, when it is actually caused by a bacterium.  Plus he says that rat-bite fever if fatal in 13% of cases despite antibiotic treatment.  I have no idea where he got this figure, but I don’t believe it.  Rat-bite fever is not a reportable disease, and the Center for Disease Control does not keep records on it.  Most cases of rat-bite fever are fairly benign, and there is no way that 13% of people treated for it die.  In fact, on page 72 of the book he includes a chart that says the fatality rate of rat-bite fever is 7-10%.  Hmm, which is it?  Probably neither.

He goes on to claim that rats have killed hundreds of millions of people, referring to the plague, and once again compares this to the number of people killed by lions.  Huh?  He then makes the statement that the plague was caused by a virus, when it was cased by bacteria.  Apparently he really doesn’t know the difference.

When he makes statements like, “They are in our forests,” and “They can be a cherished family pet, a lifesaving laboratory animal, or a snack served on a stick,” it is obvious that he is really confused about the difference between various wild species of rats, and the difference between wild rats and domesticated rats. Wild roof and Norway rats do not live in forests in North America!  He compares rats to mice and says that “very few humans hate or fear mice.”  Then, although he has already called rats “a cherished family pet,” he says “It [the rat] hasn’t become our friend like the dog, or our captive like cattle, but instead lives alongside us, as constant companion, irritant, and sworn enemy.”  Has this guy read his own book?

Chapter 2, The Prehistory of the Rat, follows the supposed evolution of the rat.  On pages 44 and 45 he again confuses wild with domestic rats.  He references experiments done by B.F. Skinner that showed rats were attracted to new objects in their environment, but these were done on domestic rats, not wild rats.  On page 46 he repeats the common myth of a rat king, a group of wild rats who are knotted together by their tails and fed by their colony mates.  This is just impossible.  The tail of a rat is tapered.  I cannot imagine any situation that would cause a group of rats to have their tails attached to each other.

On page 54 he says the population of roof rats is limited “to just a few colonies in the palm trees above Los Angeles and a few other warm-weather cities.”  This is so wrong.  Roof rats live in most of California and all across the southern U.S. All you have to do is scan the internet for stories about rats and you will see many stories about the major problem of roof rats in southern states.

Chapter 3 is called A Most Uneasy Partnership, but starts out with a story about a California woman who contracted the plague from a gopher or ground squirrel.  We are then treated to several pages about the plague.  Finally on page 72 we get to hear about other diseases carried by rats.  On page 74 there is a statement that implies that rats have infected more than a dozen people in Alberta, Canada with hanta virus, several of which died, despite the fact that Alberta is officially rat-free.  Later he mentions that hanta virus is usually transmitted to humans through mice.

On page 73 he makes the ridiculous statement that a rat produces about 200 droppings a day and urinates more frequently.  At the most a rat might produce 50 droppings a day, and will urinate maybe once an hour.  He obviously got this info from one of his “rat experts.”  The rest of the chapter is devoted to how rats eat food stores and cause damage.

In Chap 4, called Entertainer, Test Subject and Family Friend, the author continues with his incredible bias against rats.  After holding a rat for the first time he said, “The collapsible rib cage gives them a springy almost gelatinous feel, nothing like a more rigidly built puppy or kitten.”  Then he says that all of the more than 100 rat people he talked with were eccentric.  On page 90 he says you can buy purebred rats from “ratteries (rat farms).”  I bet he wouldn’t call a cattery a cat farm.

On page 91 there was a redeeming quote from me, my usual one that pet rats are as different from wild rats as dogs are from wolves.  On page 92 he says male rats urinate pretty well everywhere leaving a particularly virulent scent. A little later he says rats “can be taught rudimentary behaviors like recognizing their names” but that it requires great patience.  And that “rats can be sort of affectionate in that they will begin to enjoy coming into contact with their owners.”  Anyone who knows what pet rats are like will know that rats learn quickly and are very affectionate.

On page 93 he points out that keeping rats as pets is relatively recent, and goes on to describe horrible things done to animals in history, including 4 pages on rat baiting.  He finally gets back to the subject of pet rats on page 99 with an explanation of how Jack Black domesticated rats.  On the next page the Rat Assistance & Teaching Society is mentioned as the source of the fact that about a half-million households in North America own rats, he than says, “many people are still against the idea, often because they believe that escaped pet rats may start infestations where none exist.”  He goes on to discuss the possibilities of feral domestic rats, and includes a whole page about feral dogs.

On the next page he talks about lab rats for 2 pages, and then switches over to jokes about eating rats.  Over the next 4 pages as he talks about people eating rats in different countries but he never mentions what species of rats are eaten.  On page 110 he’s back to talking about killing rats for sport, this time in a modern setting. Wait, what was the name of this chapter again?  Oh, I get it, his idea of entertainment is animal torture.

Chap 5 is called Vermin, Villain and God’s Best Friend, so you can imagine what it’s about.  The only point worth mentioning is where he talks about the protest against the use of rats on the TV show Fear Factor, which The Rat Fan Club took part in.  Cool, but he misspelled my last name Dumcommun, even though he had spelled it correctly earlier in the book. Could it have been a Freudian slip? At the end of the chapter he discusses how the rat appears in other cultures, including the rat temple in India, thus the “God’s Best Friend” of the chapter title.

Chap 6, titled Destroyer of Worlds, talks about how rats have decimated animals on different islands around the world, and how scientists are trying to help some of the endangered species by killing the rats. He does explain that the rats traveled to the islands on human ships.  When telling the story of a flightless duck that scientists were trying to rescue from a Campbell Island, New Zealand, he makes the bizarre statement that a duck “gave birth to a number of litters.”  An interesting sidebar on page 143 lists the average length and weight of the brown rat, black rat, house mouse, opossum and feral cat for comparison.

Chap 7, titled Second Only to Us, talks about wild rats in cities and the attempts to eliminate them.  It includes instances of rats biting humans.  On page 157 he makes the statement: “Although listed biologically as herbivores, rats are true omnivores…” I’m not sure where he found that; I’ve never seen rats listed as herbivores. On page 159 he mentions me again, saying: “Although she’s a vegetarian herself, Rat Fan Club president Debbie Ducommun found it impossible to make a meatless diet that would keep her rats healthy.”  A sidebar on this page and the next list the different colors and varieties of rats recognized by the National Fancy Rat Society in the U.K. 

On page 164 he says a biologist told him that rats don’t lick up water with their tongues but instead scoop it up with the backs of their top incisors.”  This bizarre and totally untrue statement also appears in the book Rats, Observations on the History and Habitat of the City’s Most Unwanted Inhabitants by Robert Sullivan.  I guess they must have both spoken with the same incompetent biologist.  On page 168 he says, “While pet rats may live more than 7 years, a wild rat is lucky if it lives a year.” While this statement is true, it implies that pet rats live much longer than the average two to two-and-a-half years.

Page 169 had a very interesting short article about the Rat Control Academy run by the New York City Health Department to educate city workers about rats where rat expert Bobby Corrigan teaches them to look for the source of food for rats, not just to put down poison.

Chap 8, titled Quagmire, focuses on an exterminator named Ben, and as you could guess, is pretty unpleasant.  However, Ben does explain how cruel glue traps are, and says they don’t work well for rats. He also explains that animals trapped in a glue trap can be freed with mineral oil, but that its  poisonous so it will probably kill them anyway.  Too bad he didn’t say you can use vegetable oil.

The author then talks about live-traps, and on page181 makes another bizarre statement: “Many humane societies will accept trapped rats, but they can’t be adopted as pets and are likely to be euthanized.” I can’t believe that any humane society would take in a trapped wild rat, and of course it couldn’t be adopted out.  He then talks about electronic traps, and then spends 8 pages talking about poisons.

On page 190 he includes a quote from a Toronto government official: “Small rats can squeeze through a hole the size of a pencil.” How stupid can some people be?  Rats are bigger than that the day they are born.

Chapter 9, titled Future Rat, starts out with a story of a supposed giant rat, which turned out to be an opossum.  He then goes on to debunk the idea of a giant Norway rat, and says the largest one he ever saw was feeding in garbage cans outside a Toronto grocery store and was probably a bit less than 2 lbs.  The rest of the chapter more or less deals with parallels between rats and humans.

This book has two big shortcomings: the numerous factual errors, and the continual negative bias and failure to properly separate wild rats from domestic rats.  I do not recommend it for rat lovers.

 

Book Review: OH, RATS! The story of rats and people

            This children’s book was written by Albert Marrin, illustrated by C. B. Mordan and published by Dutton Children’s Books in 2006.  I really liked the design, with the book printed in black, white and red, but I didn’t like the fact that most of the rats in the illustrations—even dark-colored wild rats—were given red eyes.  Most of the rats in the illustrations were done quite well, but the rat on the cover, while detailed in every other respect, is missing claws.

            Most of the information in the book is interesting and presented well, but I found a few problems.  It says a rat can squeeze through a pipe the width of a quarter. This is a common “fact” that often appears about rats. The truth is that a small baby rat could do this, but not an adult.  This book says a rat can perform this feat by collapsing its skeleton.  This just isn’t going to happen.

            It also says it is no problem for a rat to chew through a sheet of iron a half inch thick or a slab of concrete four inches thick.  Uh, wait a minute.  While it may be possible for a rat to chew through these substances, it would definitely be a mighty labor of many many days, and not the easy task the book implies.

            I assume because the book is for children, the author simplifies some facts, and in a few cases I feel he over simplifies it to the point of creating misunderstandings or even errors.  For instance, he says rats can communicate with each other at a distance of 40 to 50 feet using ultrasound (so far so good) but then goes on to say that elephants make similar sounds that carry for miles.  Elephants actually use infrasound (sound too low for us to hear), not ultrasound, so I think the way the author said this is very confusing. 

Another statement I found confusing said “Eventually the Norway rat pushed the black rat out of the cities.  Now it lives mostly in rural areas—in the ground, houses, barns, and silos.”  I think this must be a mistake. Norway rats are now much more common in cities than in rural areas. Perhaps he meant that black rats (roof rats) mostly live in rural areas, except roof rats don’t live in the ground.  He said the oldest rat in captivity lived 5 years 8 months.  He must mean a wild rat, although he doesn’t say it specifically, as the record for a domestic rat is 7 years 4 months.  In one of the sidebars he said the White House has often been plagued with wild rats, and he said Teddy Roosevelt led his sons on rat hunts in the dining room.  However, I know that Teddy Roosevelt’s kids also had pet rats, so I wonder if stories of wild rats and pet rats got mixed up.

He said “tame” rats (he should have used the term “domestic”) cost from $10 to $50—a $50 rat is one special rat!  He must have been talking about lab rats.  In a section about different cultures around the world that eat rats, in most cases he was not clear about which species of rats are eaten.  As far as I know, no culture eats Norway rats.  The rats eaten are mostly field rats, bamboo rats, or other species. 

There are also some statements that are just false.  After explaining that wild rats can catch fish, he says rats love water.  He’s obviously not met any of my rats!  He says that a rat is old after 9 months of age, but this is actually the rat’s peak physical age, and I don’t consider a rat to be middle aged until 1 ½ years.  When talking about wild rats that are immune to poisons, so-called “super-rats”, he said that these super-rats reproduce twice as fast as ordinary rats.  This is not true.  “Super-rats” produce more babies than rats killed by poison, obviously, but their reproductive rate is no more than that of “normal” rats.  In a sidebar that lists the most serious diseases that rats can transmit to humans, he includes rat-bite fever.  While it is true that someone infected with rat-bite can die, the disease is rare, can be treated with antibiotics, and very rarely causes death.

Finally, he makes the ridiculous statement that rat breeding requires skill, and explains how mycoplasma-free lab rats were first created (delivered by C-section and hand raised) as if that is how all lab rats are currently produced.  All lab rats are now myco-free and are produced in the usual way.

All together, there is about one error per each 5 pages in this book.  Fortunately, my rat care book is listed in the back under Some More Books to Read.

 

Book Review: Pleasurable Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good

(This review appeared in the June 2004 issue of the Rat Report.)

This book written by Rat Fan Club member Jonathan Balcombe, Ph.D. of Germantown, MD came out in May.  The press release says, “Pleasurable Kingdom aims to show that animals, like humans, have richly positive experiences in their lives, and debunk the popular perception that life for most animals is a continuous, joyless struggle for survival. Combining rigourous science with amusing anecdotes, topics include why pleasure is neglected in science, and its manifestations in such realms as animal play, sex, touch, food, anticipation, comfort, and esthetics.”

I found this book extremely enjoyable and interesting.  I heartily recommend it to anyone who is interested in animal behavior.  Jonathan has done a great job of explaining the scientific evidence that animals experience pleasure in a way that is easy to understand.  The book also shows off Jonathan’s sense of humor.  For instance, in Chapter 3, Feeling Smart, The Intelligence of Pleasure, he says, “Ultimately, there can be no decisive proof of animal pleasure, any more than there can be absolute proof that smoking causes lung cancer, or that bacon is bad for you (it’s certainly bad for pigs.)”

Dr. Jonathan Balcombe is an animal behavior Research Scientist for the Washington, DC-based Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine and author of The Use of Animals in Higher Education: Problems, Alternatives, and Recommendations.  In addition to published papers on the behavioral ecology of bats, birds, and turtles, he has written many scholarly and lay articles on animal use in education and research. A popular speaker, he has given invited presentations in the USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Israel, and mainland Europe.

Of course, Jonathan talks about rats in his book!  In fact, rats are mentioned on more than 24 of the pages.  Most of the references are to the research that shows rats enjoy playing and wrestling, and they laugh when they do so.  But other topics are presented too.  Jonathan describes the different personalities and activity preferences of his 3 girl rats, and talks some about their food preferences.  He also talks about the research that shows rats dream.  Also mentioned is that rats do better in a maze after being exposed to music by Mozart rather than modern music by Philip Glass, and that rats will restrain their behavior if they see that it will cause harm to another rat.  Cool!

Here are a few excerpts that feature rats:

Rats at Play:  Rats mostly play when they are young, but grown-up rats are also motivated to play. In a laboratory study, both juvenile and adult male rats showed a significant preference for a box containing a free moving rat compared to either a box with a rat confined behind a Plexiglas barrier or a box with no rat. The confined rat was visible, but not available to play with.

When rats are anticipating opportunities to play, their brains release a “pleasure chemical” called dopamine. Neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp reports a close link between such chemicals and play, and that rats enjoy being playfully tickled. These findings complement ample behavioral evidence that play is enjoyable.  Studies at the University of Lethbridge using video footage of playing rats found that they assess and monitor one another and then fine-tune their own behavior to maintain the play mood. Rats also restrain themselves when they know their actions would cause pain to another individual.

Rats and Food:  Rats will enter a deadly cold room and navigate a maze to retrieve gourmet tidbits (e.g., shortbread, meat paté, and CocaCola®). If they happen to find their regular (and less tasty) commercial rat chow at the end, they quickly return to their cozy nests, where they stay for the remainder of the experiment. But if they find a tasty treat, they feed on it before returning home, then return repeatedly for more. This is a rodent version of shunning the fruit bowl and dashing out to the convenience store on a rainy night to get some donuts.

Live and Let Live:  One of my favorite anecdotes comes from naturalist-photographer Lewis Wayne Walker, who discovered a wild rat running in a rodent exercise wheel he had stored in his barn. By itself, it’s just an isolated, if compelling, observation. But what’s to keep people from setting out running wheels (instead of traps) in places where rats live and monitoring the results?

I do have to warn you that the chapter on sex is quite explicit, so be prepared.  The beginning of the chapter says: “Warning: making the case for sexual pleasure in animals requires venturing into territory that may be distasteful to some readers.  If you may be one such, I suggest you skip to the next chapter.”

The publisher is Macmillan and the book sells for $24.95.  For more on Jonathan and his book tour, visit his website at www.pleasurablekingdom.com.

 

Book Review: Rats, Observations on the History and Habitat of the City’s Most Unwanted Inhabitants

(This review appeared in the June 2004 issue of the Rat Report.)

This book, written by Robert Sullivan and published by Bloomsbury, just came out and has been greeted with great enthusiasm by the media.  Long reviews of the book appeared in Newsday, the L.A. Times, and the Chicago Tribune.  These reviews were fueled by Sullivan taking the reporters on “rat-hunting expeditions” in their respective cities.

When I first heard about the book, I was excited.  I was looking forward to reading about observations of wild rats in New York City.  But I was disappointed to find out that the book really isn’t about rats. 

If you read the subtitle of the book—Observations on the History and Habitat of the City’s Most Unwanted Inhabitants—carefully, you will see that the observations are not on the rats themselves, but on their history and habitat.  Out of 219 pages, only about 20 are actually about rats.  The rest is about people and history.  Sullivan says he spent a year of nights observing wild rats in a NYC alley, but he only tells about his observations of the rats in about 12 pages.

The most interesting chapters are 2, 6, 8, 13 and 18.  The cover art for the book is also interesting.  It shows a rat worked into a map of NYC.

Chapter 2 (9 ½ pages) starts by describing wild rats.  I liked the first paragraph, especially the last sentence which is “I offer a portrait that is hysteria-free, that merely describes the rat as a rat.”  He proceeds to spend about 3 pages describing wild rats, both Norway and roof rats.  Unfortunately, he includes several incorrect statements.  Calling the roof rat the “black rat,” he says, “The black rat is always a very dark gray, almost black…” and this is not true.  My two roof rats are agouti, a very pretty brown that could in no way be called dark gray.  He says the gestation period for rats is 21 days, when it is actually 21-23. 

But the worst statement he makes is so bad, it’s almost funny.  He describes watching rats drink water from a dirty puddle in the subway, and says, “They sip the water the way rats do, either with their front paws, or by scooping it up with their incisors.”  The chapter goes on to describe the different ways wild rats can die (you don’t want to know) and the history of how wild rats arrived in America.

Chapter 6 (10 pages) includes about 2 pages of description of Sullivan’s first observations of the rats in the alley.  He is amazed to find that they bound and gallop, instead of scuttling.  Most of this chapter is about a homeless man Sullivan meets in the alley, Derrick, who shows Sullivan that he can intimidate the rats in the alley by shouting and stomping on the ground.  He claims he has the rats “trained.”  This makes a big impression on Sullivan who is actually terrified of the rats.

Chapter 8 (6 ½ pages) is titled “Food” and talks about the types of food wild rats tend to like the best.  Sullivan says it is written in the rat literature that a rat would starve in an alley surrounded by raw vegetables.  Of course, this can’t be true.  But it appears that wild rats tend to like fast food best, and they apparently tend to prefer the type of food that is common in their alley.  For instance, rats who live in an alley that backs onto an Indian restaurant will tend to prefer spicy Indian food to other ethnic styles.  Sullivan includes a list of food from a study done by Martin W. Schein in 1953.  Schein trapped wild rats in Baltimore, housed them in cages in a barn in the country, and tested to see what foods they preferred.  The foods on the preferred list are not surprising, and include sweet potatoes, but I was surprised to see apples, raw carrots and peaches on the list of least-preferred foods.  Broccoli did not appear on either list.

Chapter 13 (6 pages) is called “Trapping,” and is about how Sullivan sets a live-trap to try to catch a rat in the alley.  He is unsuccessful.  Chapter 17 (19 pages) is called “Catching” and here Sullivan tells how he accompanied a team from the city health department after 9/11 as they trapped rats to take blood samples to monitor disease.  One of the team members, Ann Li, really liked the rats.  At various times she said, “I think rats are so underappreciated,” “Rats are the smartest creatures,” and when they finally catch a rat, “This rat is beautiful!”  They trapped the rats using live-traps, then anesthetized them with halothane before drawing the blood.  They then allowed the rats to die under the anesthetic, although one very strong rat overcame the anesthetic and escaped.  The last 7 ½ pages of the chapter are about cases of plague in NYC.

Chapter 18 (9 ½ pages) includes some of Sullivan’s observations of rats in the alley over a few nights, and especially, notes on a rat who had a corkscrew tail and was noticeably bigger than the other rats.  This is the only rat that Sullivan saw more than once, although he said he could not tell the other rats apart.

So what is the rest of the book about?  Well, Chapter 1 (4 pages) explains why Sullivan decided to observe rats and write this book.  It’s partly because he found a painting of wild rats done by Audubon, and partly because Sullivan shares a liking for areas that rats also like: swamps, dumps, and alleys.

Chapter 3 (12 pages) is about David E. Davis, whom Sullivan describes as “America’s rodent control guru.”  Davis was one of the first people to study wild rats to better understand how to eliminate them.  Sullivan says Davis tried to debunk a statistic that got started that there is one rat for every person in New York City, but the erroneous statistic still persists.  Davis believed a more realistic figure was one rat per every 36 humans.  This chapter also tells how Sullivan went alley-hunting to find a good alley to see rats.

Chapter 4 (6 ½ pages) is all about the history of the alley Sullivan chose: Edens Alley.  Chapter 5 (14 ½ pages) covers the history of wild rat infestations in NYC and reports of wild rats in the newspaper.  Chapter 7 (9 pages) is about Jesse Gray, the founder of the first Harlem Tenants Council.  Chapter 9 (9 ½ pages) is about the history of “ratting” in NYC, where wild rats were caught and put into arenas so dogs could kill them for entertainment. 

Chapter 10 (10 ½ pages) is about the history of garbage in NYC.  Chapter 11 (15 ½ pages) is about exterminators, or pest control operators as they are called now, once they realized they could only control pests and not completely exterminate them.  This chapter contains a quote from one of the exterminators who said he had seen on TV a “country in Africa where they worship the rat.”  Probably the program was on the rat temple in Deshnoke, India and the man was not paying close attention. 

Chapter 12 (16 pages) is about Sullivan traveling to Milwaukee to attend a press conference on rat control held by the mayor, and a pest control conference.  Chapter 14 (8 ½ pages) is about the history of the plague. Chapter 15 (8 pages) is about some of the activities of the health department around NYC after 9/11.  Chapter 16 (10 pages) is about plague in America, specifically in San Francisco in 1900.  Chapter 19 (18 pages) goes into more history of the particular location in NYC that would eventually become Edens Alley.  Chapter 20 (6 pages) tells how Sullivan visits Edens Alley during the day for the very first time (which I found strange), sees a dead rat and some poison put out by an exterminator, and how he goes and talks to the exterminator about the alley.

I can’t recommend this book for the average rat lover.  I found parts of it interesting, but other parts are boring, and some are quite grisly.  I can only recommend it for someone who isn’t too squeamish and who wants to read all they can about rats.

 

Book Review: Animals and the Afterlife

(This review appeared in the Jan 2004 issue of the Rat Report.)

Animals and the Afterlife: True Stories of Our Best Friends Journey Beyond Death was written by one of our very own, member Kim Sheridan of Rancho Santa Fe, CA!  The book is paperback and has 414 pages. 

 I was very happy to read this book, which is well organized and well written.  It is filled with amazing stories of contacts between humans and not only animals who have passed on, but also animals who are still living.  It is hard to maintain skepticism about life after death, animal communication and the intelligence and spirituality of animals in the face of so much evidence.

But the best part of this book is the many stories Kim tells about her relationships with her rats!  The book is a collection of stories from many different people, most about other kinds of animals, but woven throughout are Kim’s own stories, most of which are about rats.  These stories are an absolute joy to read, and I feel that every pet lover who reads this book will have their eyes opened about rats.  Whether Kim meant the book to be a testimonial about rats or not (and most likely she did!) it paints a most glowing picture of their nature.  Time after time as I read the book I found tears running down my face.  Thank you, Kim for a wonderful book!

 

Book Review:  The Story of Rats

(This review appeared in the November 2002 issue of the Rat Report.)

This book, The Story of Rats: Their Impact on Us, and Our Impact on Them was written by S. Anthony Barnett and published in Australia in 2001.  Barnett previously wrote the book The Rat: A Study in Behavior, originally published in 1963 and revised in 1975, about a series of lab experiments he did on rats. 

The blurb about Barnett on the back cover of The Story of Rats says, “Early in the Second World War, equipped only with first class honours from Oxford University, Tony Barnett was drafted, not into the trenches…but into the sewers, wharves, food stores and other rat-infested environments offered by a London bombed nightly by the Luftwaffe.  Thus began his interest in rats and his academic career in Scotland, India, Australia and North America.  He is now Emeritus Professor of Zoology in the Australian National University.” Since the book is basically Barnett’s personal commentary, I think a more detailed explanation of his experiences would have been appropriate.

Barnett explains in his preface that what he attempted in this book was a social history of human relationships with rats.  The main failing of this book is that he absolutely ignored the fact that rats are kept as pets!  He didn’t mention it anywhere in the book.  I found this to be totally inexplicable.  If his book is supposed to be about our impact on rats and their impact on us, then it would make sense to cover this part of our relationship.

I was also disappointed in the book as a whole because it seemed to me that Barnett’s general attitude was not respectful or interested in the rats themselves, but only what society could learn about humans by comparing us to rats.  Maybe this attitude can be better understood when you see on page 119 that in Barnett’s world of laboratory research, it was not usual for the rats to be socialized.  He makes the comment that socialized rats “can be highly disconcerting to visitors to one’s laboratory who are accustomed only to normal Norways which bite vigorously when handled.”  Earlier in the book he says “All handling has a disturbing effect, even on domestic rats,” and “If you pick one up, even very gently, it is likely to stiffen and to extend its legs fully, as if poised to fall.”  He goes on to explain that “some rats behave differently: when picked up, they lie back, relaxed, rather like a pussycat waiting to be tickled.  These rats have been frequently handled and probably stroked, or ‘gentled.’”  But it is clear throughout the book that Barnett’s main experience is with rats who are not socialized and therefore likely scared of people.

This would also explain another statement he makes.  He says at the end of Chapter 2 that when some of his lab rats escaped into “the gloomy junk-filled cellars of a large ill-designed building,” and were later captured and restored to their cages “they were quite vicious.” 

While the book was meant to be historical, I was also disappointed that he did not include more recent scientific discoveries about rats, such as the fact that they laugh, and the brain research that shows rats think about what they want (some were able to control a machine that gave them water by thought alone.)

Right from the start you can see Barnett’s approach to rats.  Chapter 1, titled “Tales of Rats,” begins with curses people have used against rats and mice, and includes subsections titled “Abominations and Horrors” and “Magic, Sport and Nourishment,” which lists two cookbooks that include recipes for rat.  He does point out that the horror scene featuring rats in the novel 1984 “has no connection with what rats would actually do….”

In Chapter 2, “Naming and Taming,” he says about the Norway rat, “in its domestic forms it is usually white, or white and black….”  While this is essentially true, it would have been nice for him to point out that domestic rats are now bred in a wide variety of colors and patterns, but as I said before, he makes absolutely no mention of pet or show rats anywhere in the book.

I’m sure you won’t be surprised that Barnett spends most of Chapter 3, “All Fall Down,” on the plague.  The strange thing is that in the 12 pages on this topic, rats are only mentioned once!

In Chapter 5, “Do Rats Think?” we can see a bit more of Barnett’s attitude towards rats.  He makes the statement, “Although children cannot be kept like rats, in cramped and featureless cages….”  It’s obviously okay with Barnett that rats are kept in cramped and featureless cages.  Amazing that he would believe anything could be learned about rat behavior in that situation.

I found Chapter 6, “Are Rats Gluttons?” to be the most interesting of the book.  Barnett talks about the individual eating habits and preferences of different rats and how they can choose the right supplement when they are deficient in a nutrient.  Other interesting topics are social feeding and social learning.  However, I was surprised that he made no mention of genetic obesity.

In Chapter 7, “All in their Genes,” there is an apparent mistake as readers are referred to a previous chapter for an example that I couldn’t find anywhere. 

In Chapter 8, “Rat Societies,” Barnett makes a strange statement.  When talking about how rats chatter their teeth when fighting he says, “Whether this is a social signal is doubtful.”  I think it’s clear that tooth chattering is a social signal!  He also makes no mention of how rats use ultrasound.  In this chapter he also says that the domestic rats he studied were always peaceful and non-territorial and never fought even when he introduced new rats.  Now that’s strange!

In Chapter 9, “Population Explosions,” Barnett makes another strange statement.  He says, “Despite or because of their strange social interactions, rats have a fabulous capacity to multiply….”  Even after reading the book I’m not sure why he feels rats have strange social interactions!

While I feel that this book is woefully incomplete and biased, it does include some very interesting information about rats such as the differences between wild and domestic rats, the interaction of learning with instinct, and how wild rats avoid poisons and traps.  However, Barnett’s negative attitude towards rats is disturbing for someone who loves them. 

 

Book Review:  Animal Miracles

(This review appeared in the December 2001 issue of the Rat Report.)

This book, Animal Miracles: Inspirational and Heroic True Stories, is a treasure.  I’ve been meaning to review it for a while, and other things kept pushing it aside.  There is only one story about a rat in the book, and it is about a wild rat, not a pet rat, but it is a good story.  This wild rat becomes friends with a miner.  The miner shares his food with the rat and the rat keeps the miner company.  One day, the rat became very agitated and ran up to the miner and then ran away several times.  The miner finally realized the rat was trying to tell him something and followed the rat.  Immediately after that, the roof of the mine where the miner was working collapsed.  The rat had saved the miner’s life! 

The book contains 50 amazing, touching, and truly miraculous stories of animals helping humans.  Most of the stories feature dogs and cats, but there are also stories about birds, horses, pigs, cows, dolphins, sea lions, a whale, a monkey, an elk, and even a sea turtle, a stingray, and a shark.  The stories were collected by Brad Steiger and Sherry Hansen Steiger and published in 1999 by Adams Media Corporation.  This book would be a wonderful addition to any animal lover’s library. 

 

Book Review: The Rat: A Perverse Miscellany

(This review appeared in the February 1998 issue of the Rat Report.)

This book, collected by Barbara Hodgson (1997, Ten Speed Press), has some interesting bits, but it is almost all about wild rats and therefore heavily oriented toward the negative side of rats.  The press release says it is “a compendium of rat facts, rat fiction, rat lore, and rat art.”  I found very few rat facts in this book.  It is basically a collection of quotes from other books and periodicals, mostly focusing on the image of horror that is perpetuated in the popular media.

The book is divided into 11 chapters plus a preface, in which the author describes some encounters with wild rats she has had during her international travels.  She met her first wild rat in a hotel room in Greece.  When she saw wild rats playing on the bank of the Nile river in Egypt, she thought they were cute, and so did others until they discovered they were RATS!  (Sound familiar?)  Her third rat encounter was in her own backyard in Vancouver where she watched “a rat gone berserk”, chasing its own tail for 20 minutes.  I wonder if the rat wasn’t berserk, but instead was just trying to retrieve its tail, as a substitute for bedding or a baby, something I’ve seen several of my females do.  In fact, I saw Hexa doing it just last night!

But while Hodgson found wild rats in Egypt cute, the first sentence of her first chapter, Rat Talk, is “Few people, rat fanciers excepted, would describe rats as endearing, cute or loveable.”  And she goes on to perpetuate this statement by failing to mention anything more about pet rats until the end of the book.  In the whole book, there are only three entries about “pet” rats, one a roof rat mentioned in a book called Wedding Cakes, Rats and Rodeo Queens, by Anne Cameron, one a wild rat in a cage that a poor child is showing off to a rich child in the story “The Pauper’s Toy” by Charles Baudelaire in the magazine Parisain Prowler, and one from Little Women (although this appears to be a wild rat).  There are only three entries about lab rats.

The chapter Rat Talk goes on to discuss the various terms using rat, such as rat-fink and rat race.  One interesting entry is the word raternity, which was coined by Michel Dansel in his book Nos Freres les Rats (Our Brothers the Rats).  Raternity describes the relationship between rats which allows them to communicate survival details such as the appearance of a new poison.  On page 4, there is a list of “Other rats, real and otherwise:” including the “Muskrat” and the “Pouched rat,” however Hodgson does not explain which are real and which aren’t.

The next chapter, Around the World, is a selection of writings from or about different countries which mention rats.  The selection for Java says that to encourage the killing of rats, the government required that people applying for marriage licenses had to supply 25 rat tails.  Enterprising Javanese began to manufacture artificial tails (impossible to tell from the real ones), so the government began to require 25 rat bodies.  The Javanese then began to breed rats!  The entry for Florida was about an older man taken for a psychiatric exam because he had over 230 rats in his home.  Like most articles of this type, it didn’t mention if they were wild or domestic rats, although because it says “The rats, who had lived with Russo for years, were exterminated,” I sure hope they were!  This chapter includes a map of the world featuring the word rat in different languages.

The next chapter, The Essential Rat, supposedly supplies the “rat facts,” but much of the information is wrong.  For instance, one quote says about the wild Norway rat: “They cannot vomit and so can eat almost anything.  They are almost totally blind and ‘see’ with the hairs on the sides of their bodies.”   Although it is true that rats can’t vomit, this is not why they can eat almost anything!  In fact, they must be very careful of what they eat.  And I don’t know about your rats, but mine seem to be able to see just fine!  Hodgson also perpetuates the tooth myth by saying: “If they didn’t gnaw continually, their incisors would grow 4″ a year and cause the animal great difficulties.”  A drawing in another chapter of what is supposed to be rat incisors from a U.S. Land Survey shows the “rat” having 4 incisors on the top!

In the next chapter, The Fabled Rat, Hodgson lists several familiar stories, although in most versions, like the City Rat and Country Rat, the rats are replaced by mice.  She describes a turn-of-the-century children’s book La Guerre des rats et de grenouilles (The War of the rats and frogs) which she calls delightful, but a picture of rats stabbing frogs with knives and spears turned my stomach.  I found one interesting entry in this chapter which belongs in the previous chapter because it is true.  In reference to cannibalism, Mr. Bewick, an illustrator from Great Britain, said, “the skins of such of them as have been devoured in their holes have frequently been found curiously turned inside out, every part of them being completely inverted, even to the ends of the toes.”  Although the author who quoted Mr. Bewick didn’t quite believe his statement, calling it alleged, I actually saw this in the lab.  In several cases where rats had been eaten by their cagemates (after dying of natural causes), the skins were almost always turned inside out, although I never noticed the toes.

The next chapter, The Fictional Rat, offers a few more negative quotes, although Hodgson does mention Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH, and two other books, Racso and the Rats of NIMH and R-T; Margaret, and the Rats of NIMH, written by the original author’s daughter, which I didn’t know about.  The next 5 chapters, Gothic Rats and Other Terrors, The Cinematic Rat, The Four Deadly Sins, Plagues and Cures, and To Catch a Rat, are pretty much what you might expect.  In The Cinematic Rat Hodgson includes several short synopses of movies in which rats appear, but some of them don’t give you enough information to let you know exactly how the rats appear, and whether or not it would be worth watching the movie.  The chapter To Catch a Rat is especially disgusting.

The final chapter, Rats and Man, includes several interesting bits, including a photo of a suit of armor for a rat and a quote from a book called The Rat Report! (apparently “written” by a lab rat.)  Another quote I liked was “A rat is unimpressed by talk of a just peace, he recognizes no flag and his ideology is food. Food! Food!”  But right below this was a poem called Rat Jelly which was one of the most disgusting entries in the book.

The bibliography is extensive, and I will probably try to locate some of the books Hodgsen quotes from, but I wish she had included short synopses of the books (like the movies) so you would know if it was worth trying to get the book.  I found the index very limited, listing mostly authors or book titles, with no entries for topics such as “teeth” or “tails.”

There are a few interesting illustrations in the book, as well as many of dead rats, rats being killed, or rats attacking people.  All in all, this is not the best book for someone who loves rats.  If you find it in your bookstore, I suggest you take a look at the suit of armor on page 105, but buy the book at your own risk!

 

Book Review:  Tatti Wattles, A Love Story

(This review appeared in the April 1997 issue of the Rat Report.)

This book written by performance artist Rachel Rosenthal is a delight.  Published in 1996 by Smart Art Press, it is hardback and has 61 pages.  Rachel tells how she rescued a young rat who she later named Tatti Wattles from another performance artist’s display and fell in love.  Tatti Wattles became her constant companion, going everywhere with her and even participating in some of her performances.  Tatti had great stage presence,” wrote Rachel.  “He loved posing for photographers and videos.  He loved being in the limelight and never hid or presented his backside.  All the photos show him, handsome, looking directly into the camera.  In performance, he always knew where his light was.”

Through his public appearances Tatti Wattles became a rat ambassador, making many converts.  Rachel describes so well the various attitudes all we rat lovers have experienced when sharing our rats with others, from loving acceptance, to squeamishness, to outright revulsion.  Rachel’s eloquent words describing her loving relationship with Tatti contrasts sharply with the words she uses to descibe the more usual societal opinion of rats--words we’ve all heard before!

Rachel fills her book with her personal philosophy about how we should see and interact with animals as individuals with their own rights, not slaves.  She explains how Tatti Wattles became her closest friend and gave her emotional support during bad times.  She was devastated when Tatti died of heart disease.  After his death, she went to a workshop on shamanism and underwent a shamanistic “journey” where she was reunited with Tatti and learned that rats were her Power Animal.  Some of these journeys, which she said taught her a great deal about herself, are illustrated in color throughout the book.  Other charming black and white drawings show Tatti Wattles in life.  At the end of the book is a philosophical discussion of the book and Rosenthal’s performance art by Jacki Apple.

Rachel has unfortunately included a couple of factual errors in the book.  She wrote, “These rodents have no bones, only cartilage, which explains how they squeeze into the tiniest apertures.”  This is incorrect.  Rats have bones just like all other mammals.  They are just very flexible!  Tatti had overgrown teeth which required periodic trimming.  Rachel wrote, “Rodents afflicted with this abnormality in the wild would grind their teeth down on hard surfaces.  But Tatti was civilized and had lost all such instincts.  He only liked soft food.”  Tatti had a medical problem, either malocclusion or some other problem of the teeth or jaw that prevented him from eating hard food.  Wild and domestic rats normally grind their teeth together to keep them the right length, but they can’t do this a medical problem.

Other than these two mistakes, I have enjoyed this book very much, more so the more I read it.  Rachel’s writing is bold and frank.  For example, here’s how she described the young Tatti.  “His baby coat was sleek and black, and he had a white belly, white socks, and balls almost as big as his body.”   Her story is filled with observations and feelings that only another true rat lover will recognize and understand.  This book is truly a poem of love for a rat, and for all rats, and worth having in any rat lover’s library.

 


 

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